The 25th of April and the 11th of November are not just the main days to remember fallen troops from around the world and Australia but everyday there have been many major battles for the Australian army. From the start of being sent into war to the end of a war or even major events that have happened throughout. Like the 25 April 1915 for the landing at Gallipoli to the saving of Villers-Bretonneux three years later on the same day from the German army.
The 25th April and the 11th November are two dates that everyone learns about in school in Australia but history lessons in schools for the Australian conflicts are done around ANZAC day, there is more done for the 25 April known as ANZAC Day than the 11 November known as Remembrance day. ANZAC day in Australia is a public holiday for the country, whereas Remembrance day is only observed from wherever you are at 11 o’clock in the morning on the 11th of November and Remembrance day is also observed around the world. As for ANZAC day it is observed just in Australia, Gallipoli and Villers-Bretonneux.
There are many different dates to remember fallen troops that have fought in many different battles starting with before the first world war even happened. For Australia that was the Boer War in South Africa which started two years before Australian federation in 1901 and the war finished in 1902. The Australian involvement was spaced throughout the war with soldiers even arriving for battle once it finished but it is hard to narrow down any dates for this war as there is not much is known for the battles that happened during the war.
There are more dates to the First World War than just the 25th of April and the 11th of November. Australians have done a lot more since they left Gallipoli as they were moved to help out at the Western front from the 13th of March 1916 and this area was the bloodiest of the battles, as it was bagged down in the trenches and mud. The Western front campaign for the ANZACs started at Fromelles on the 19h of July 1916 where it was a bloody initiation into the warfare of the western front. The battle at The Sommes on the 23rd held the same toll but with fresh troops into combat and trench warfare as the losses here were comparable to that of the eight months at Gallipoli.
Between April 11th to August 16th 1917 Australians fought in three different battles that didn’t make much difference to the war but were still major battles for the Australians. Starting at Bullecourt where there were huge losses and a sense of distrust was built between the Australians and the British commanders at the time but at the battle of Messines Ridge and then at Ypres the trust was rebuilt. Messines Ridge was part of Australia’s first major large-scale action for the troops as Messines ridge overlooked the battlefield west of Ypres, which was why it needed to be captured. On the 3rd of June Australian troops detonated 19 mines under German trenches; these detonations can still be seen today in the ridge. From Messines Ridge, Australian troops moved to help the British army at Ypres but with bad weather and little ground being gained by November 1917 the battle for Ypres ended.
From March 1918 reinforcements from the Eastern front came, just as Germany launched a great offensive at Villers-bretonneux. On the 4th of April Australian troops helped defend Villers-bretonneux and moved German troops back 2kms from the town to older trenches. British troops lost the town at dawn on April 24th to Germany but at 10pm that night, the ANZACs led a counter attack that surrounded the town. Just after dawn on April 25th, they closed the gap to the east of the town to trap the German troops in the town. With little gain by either side, the allied forces combined their artillery power and by November 11th at 11am Germany surrendered for the First World War to end.
Australia’s World War 2 campaign started when Britain and France declared war on Germany on the September 3rd 1939 after they invaded Poland to began the Holocaust. Australia’s first major battle was on October 28th 1940 a year into the war at Ballos Pass, known as the “Fall of Greece.” The battle started with Italian Forces coming in from Albania but the Greek Army was able to defeat them and push the Italian Forces back into Albania and farther away from the border. Australia’s involvement started as Germany moved through Bulgaria to help with the invasion of Russia. On April 6th Germany began their invasion with that of the main strength of the Greek army on the Albanian front keeping the Italian Army at bay, so an understrength division was quickly overrun by the German army at the Bulgarian border with the battle moving on to central Greece. Australian soldiers tried to resist the advance of the Germans but by April 22nd 1941 the order to evacuate was given. On April 24th Australian and New Zealand soldiers were charged with holding the Brollos Pass for as long as possible so other allied troops could leave.
After the “Fall of Greece” Australian troops moved to Tobruk on January 21st 1941 where the harbor port was deep and naturally protected so it could never be rendered useless as a result of military bombardment but while the port was in Italian control it was heavily fortified. Tobruk like Gallipoli held the same importance as they both led to areas with greater control and with great supply routes, both also held natural challenges that both sides needed to navigate. Australian soldiers that served at Tobruk were called “The Rats Of Tobruk” as a British broadcaster who was notorious for promoting Nazi propaganda at the time, refered to the soldiers holding Tobruk as poor desert rats of Tobruk. The Australian soldiers who served at Tobruk loved the name and wore it as a badge of honor.
In July 1941 the war moved from just being in Europe to the Pacific Ocean as France and Netherlands fell. Japan moved its focus away from China, south towards the colonies held by these countries, along with the British held Malaya as they held raw materials that would make Japan virtually a self-sufficient economy and dominant power of the time. On December 7th 1941 the Pacific war began with Japan bombing Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, bring America into the second world war and moving their navel bases south to safety of the Philippines and Australia. The day after Pearl Harbor was bombed, the Japanese moved to invading Malaya just after midnight on the 8th of December 1941. With Malaya falling to the Japanese, the large defense barrier of land and no more than a kilometer of water would have very little hope in successfully defending Singapore from a Japanese attack that would follow then after. With the fall of Rabaul on January 23rd 1942 it marked a traumatic period in Australian history of the second world war. Following the fall of Rabaul on the 15 of February Singapore fell and five days later Timor fell, also with Java falling on the 15th of March.
The battle of Port Moresby brought the Second World War and the war in the Pacific to Australia’s doorstep with the Japanese moving to take control of Port Moresby, which would also cut the communications line between Australia and the United States. Port Moresby had been mainly fought by the air but the first of many attacks came on February 3rd with the only defense being on army anti-aircraft barriers and machine guns. The battle of Port Moresby also began the battle of the Coral Sea and the attacks on australian soil was seen coming but the first of many bombings diid not start until February 19th 1942 on Darwin. Darwin was not the only place that was bombed during the war but Broome, Townsville, Kathrine and Port Hedland was also bombed.
Darwin having been bombed two weeks before Broome suffered the secod worst air raid for Australia on 3rd of March were Japanese forces focused their attacks on the moored flying boats and the aircraft on the towns airstrips. The death toll for this attack was in the hundreds, most being dutch refugees from Java escaping the Japanese invasion. Broome would be hit three more times along with Darwin until November 1943. While Northern Australia was being bombed, Sydney was being attacked by the Japanese midget submarines on the 1st of June 1942 and a week later two larger submarines returned to bomb both Sydney and New Castle.
The battle of the Coral Sea moved the battle for Port Moresby to land and by July 21st the battle of the Kokoda Track began. The ANZACs who fought at Kokoda needed to battle the natural obstacles of the mountain range that connected the town of Kokoda to a point called Owens’ Corner that is just north east of Port Moresby. The ANZACs also had to battle jungle warfare and the difficulty of the long track for the supply chain before retreating back to Imita ridge on September 17th which was the last obstacle before the main road into Port Moresby. The supply chain now being closer to the front, the ANZACs were now able to push the Japanese back and away from Port Moresby by the new year of 1943.
The movement of Japanese troops away from Port Moresby changed the tide of the Pacific war for World War Two away from the Australian mainland, while back in Europe the Australian air force pilots were fighting in aircraft both protecting Britain’s mainland of German bombing’s while helping with the bombing of Berlin which began the end of the war in Europe. The bombing of Berlin was fought between November 1943 and March 1944 with many being Australian pilots. This battle was one of the largest, most sustained offensive on Germany’s capital city. June 6th 1944 was the being of the end for Germany as by May 1945 they surrendered which ended the second world war in Europe.
The Pacific War moved away from Port Moresby and to the south west with the battle of Borneo. The Battle of Borneo happened in three parts with the last campaign being split between land, air and sea that would disrupt Japan’s oil supply coming off of Borneo. This pushed Japan further back until the end of the war on September 2nd 1945, which finished the Second World War.
There are many more dates that Australian troops have served in both for war and peace keeping missions to remember those who have passed. Most notable be the war on terror and peace keeping missions in East Timor.